反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)基本特(te)征決定(ding)了適宜的(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)形式(shi)。例如氣(qi)固相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)大致是用固定(ding)床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、流化床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)或移動床(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。但(dan)是適宜的(de)(de)選(xuan)型則需考慮反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)熱效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)轉化率和(he)選(xuan)擇(ze)率的(de)(de)要求、催(cui)化劑物理化學性(xing)態和(he)失(shi)活等(deng)多種因素。

  不(bu)銹鋼(gang)反應(ying)器的操作方式(shi)和加(jia)料方式(shi)也需考慮。例(li)如，對(dui)于有串聯或(huo)平行(xing)副反應(ying)的過程，分段進料可(ke)能優于一(yi)次進料。溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列也是(shi)反應(ying)器選(xuan)型的一(yi)個重要因(yin)素。例(li)如，對(dui)于放熱的可(ke)逆(ni)反應(ying)，應(ying)采用先(xian)高后低的溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列，多級(ji)、級(ji)間換(huan)熱式(shi)反應(ying)器可(ke)使(shi)反應(ying)器的溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列趨于合(he)理。

下面主要介紹釜式(shi)(shi)(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、管式(shi)(shi)(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、塔式(shi)(shi)(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、固(gu)定床反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)、流化床反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。

①. 釜式反應(ying)器

  釜(fu)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器也(ye)(ye)稱槽式、鍋(guo)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器，它(ta)是各類(lei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器中(zhong)(zhong)結構(gou)較(jiao)為簡單(dan)且應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)廣(guang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種。主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)均相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)氣-液(ye)(ye)、液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)非均相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)化工生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)，既適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)間(jian)歇(xie)(xie)操作過程(cheng)，又可單(dan)釜(fu)或多(duo)(duo)釜(fu)串聯用(yong)(yong)于(yu)連續操作過程(cheng)，但在(zai)(zai)間(jian)歇(xie)(xie)生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)。釜(fu)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器具有適用(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度(du)和壓力范(fan)圍寬、適應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)性強、操作彈(dan)性大、連續操作時(shi)溫度(du)濃度(du)容易控(kong)制、產(chan)品質量(liang)均一(yi)(yi)等特點。但用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)高轉化率工藝(yi)要(yao)求時(shi)，需要(yao)較(jiao)大容積。通常在(zai)(zai)操作條件比較(jiao)緩和的(de)情(qing)況下使用(yong)(yong)，如常壓、溫度(du)較(jiao)低(di)且低(di)于(yu)物料沸點時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)此類(lei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器最(zui)為普遍。

②. 管式反(fan)應器

  管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主要用(yong)(yong)于氣相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、液相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、氣-液相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)，由(you)單(dan)根(gen)（直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)或(huo)盤管(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)或(huo)多(duo)根(gen)平(ping)行排(pai)列(lie)的(de)管(guan)(guan)子組成，一(yi)般設有套管(guan)(guan)或(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)式(shi)換熱裝置(zhi)。操作時(shi)(shi)，物(wu)料(liao)自一(yi)端連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)加入，在管(guan)(guan)中連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另一(yi)端連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)流出(chu)，便達到了(le)要求的(de)轉化(hua)率。由(you)于管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)能承受較(jiao)高的(de)壓力，故用(yong)(yong)于加壓反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為合(he)適，例如油(you)脂或(huo)脂肪酸加氫生產(chan)高碳(tan)醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)爐便是管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。此(ci)種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具有容(rong)積小(xiao)、比(bi)表面(mian)大(da)(da)、返混少、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)混合(he)物(wu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)性變化(hua)、易于控制等(deng)優點。但若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速度較(jiao)慢時(shi)(shi)，則有所需管(guan)(guan)子長、壓降較(jiao)大(da)(da)等(deng)不足。隨著化(hua)工生產(chan)越來越趨于大(da)(da)型化(hua)、連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)化(hua)、自動化(hua)，連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)操作的(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在生產(chan)中使用(yong)(yong)越來越多(duo)，某(mou)些傳統(tong)上(shang)一(yi)直(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)間(jian)歇攪拌釜的(de)高分子聚合(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開始改用(yong)(yong)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)操作的(de)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)長徑比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，與(yu)釜式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)在結構上(shang)差異較(jiao)大(da)(da)，有直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)式(shi)、多(duo)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)等(deng)。

③. 塔(ta)式反應器

  塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)長徑比介于(yu)釜式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)之間(jian)。主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)-液(ye)(ye)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，常用(yong)的(de)有(you)鼓(gu)泡塔(ta)(ta)、填(tian)料塔(ta)(ta)、板式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)。最常用(yong)的(de)是鼓(gu)泡塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)，底部裝有(you)氣(qi)體(ti)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)器(qi)，殼(ke)外裝有(you)夾套(tao)或(huo)其他形式(shi)(shi)換(huan)熱器(qi)或(huo)設有(you)擴大(da)段、液(ye)(ye)滴捕集(ji)器(qi)等(deng)。反(fan)應(ying)(ying)氣(qi)體(ti)通過分(fen)布(bu)(bu)器(qi)上的(de)小孔(kong)以鼓(gu)泡形式(shi)(shi)通過液(ye)(ye)層進行化學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)間(jian)歇或(huo)連續加入(ru)，連續加入(ru)的(de)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)可(ke)以和(he)氣(qi)體(ti)并流或(huo)逆流，一般采用(yong)并流形式(shi)(shi)較(jiao)多(duo)。氣(qi)體(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)內為(wei)分(fen)散相(xiang)，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)為(wei)連續相(xiang)，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)返混程度較(jiao)大(da)。為(wei)了提高氣(qi)體(ti)分(fen)散程度和(he)減(jian)少(shao)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)軸向循環，可(ke)以在塔(ta)(ta)內安(an)置(zhi)(zhi)水平多(duo)孔(kong)隔板。當吸收或(huo)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程熱效應(ying)(ying)不大(da)時(shi)，可(ke)采用(yong)夾套(tao)換(huan)熱裝置(zhi)(zhi)，熱效應(ying)(ying)較(jiao)大(da)時(shi)，可(ke)在塔(ta)(ta)內增(zeng)設換(huan)熱蛇管或(huo)采用(yong)塔(ta)(ta)外換(huan)熱裝置(zhi)(zhi)，也可(ke)以利用(yong)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)液(ye)(ye)蒸(zheng)發的(de)方法帶走熱量。

④. 固定床反應器

  固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器是(shi)指流(liu)體通過靜止不(bu)動的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體物(wu)料(liao)所形成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)而進行(xing)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)設備。以氣-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器最常見。固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)多少又可(ke)分為單段(duan)(duan)式(shi)和多段(duan)(duan)式(shi)兩種類型。單段(duan)(duan)式(shi)一(yi)(yi)般為高徑比不(bu)大的(de)(de)(de)圓筒(tong)體，在(zai)圓筒(tong)體下部裝有(you)柵板等板件，其上為催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，均勻地(di)堆置一(yi)(yi)定(ding)厚度的(de)(de)(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)固(gu)體顆粒。單段(duan)(duan)式(shi)固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器結(jie)構簡單、造(zao)價便(bian)宜、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器體積(ji)利用(yong)率高。多段(duan)(duan)式(shi)是(shi)在(zai)圓筒(tong)體反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器內(nei)設有(you)多個催(cui)(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)之間可(ke)采用(yong)多種方式(shi)進行(xing)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)物(wu)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)換熱。其特點是(shi)便(bian)于控制(zhi)調節反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫度，防止反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫度超出允許范圍。

⑤. 流化床(chuang)反應(ying)器

  細小的(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)被流(liu)動著的(de)流(liu)體(ti)(ti)攜(xie)帶(dai)，具有流(liu)體(ti)(ti)一樣自由流(liu)動的(de)性(xing)質，此種(zhong)現(xian)象稱為(wei)(wei)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)流(liu)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一般把反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器和在(zai)其中呈流(liu)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)合在(zai)一起，稱為(wei)(wei)流(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器多(duo)用于氣(qi)-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)。當原(yuan)料氣(qi)通(tong)過反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑床層時(shi)，催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)受氣(qi)流(liu)作(zuo)用而懸浮(fu)起來呈翻滾沸(fei)騰狀，原(yuan)料氣(qi)在(zai)處于流(liu)態化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑表面進(jin)行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，此時(shi)的(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑床層即為(wei)(wei)流(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床，也叫沸(fei)騰床。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器的(de)形式很多(duo)，但一般都由殼體(ti)(ti)、內(nei)部構(gou)件、固(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)裝卸設(she)備及氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)分布(bu)、傳熱、氣(qi)固(gu)分離裝置等構(gou)成。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器也可根據床層結構(gou)分為(wei)(wei)圓筒式、圓錐式和多(duo)管式等類型。

  不同類型反應(ying)器(qi)在工(gong)業(ye)生產中(zhong)的(de)適用(yong)情況(kuang)見表(biao)6.2。不同結構(gou)形式的(de)反應(ying)器(qi)在工(gong)業(ye)裝置中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)舉例見表(biao)6.3。