金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對(dui)研制和(he)發展新金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)、改進(jin)材料(liao)質量(liang)、限(xian)度發揮材料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選用(yong)(yong)(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)(yong)(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析(xi)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計合理(li)以及使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)維護的(de)(de)(de)(de)安可靠(kao)，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)必不可少的(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段(見金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)征)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)任務是(shi)(shi)正確地選用(yong)(yong)(yong)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器(qi)、裝備和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確定合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據(ju)(ju)，并準確而盡(jin)(jin)可能(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)出這種(zhong)判據(ju)(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了確切表(biao)征金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(服(fu)役)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下所(suo)表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡(jin)(jin)量(liang)接近(jin)實際工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除(chu)普通(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年(nian)來又發展出模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)真實機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)擬(ni)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真實工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下進(jin)行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過這種(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所(suo)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng))判據(ju)(ju)，能(neng)更真實反映工(gong)作條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，具(ju)有重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程實際意義。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏(fa)普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)受到限(xian)制。然而根據(ju)(ju)具(ju)體情況，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)部分模(mo)擬(ni)服(fu)役條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺寸和(he)加工(gong)方法、加荷速率、溫度、介質等，均影響金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果。只有采用(yong)(yong)(yong)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法標(biao)準和(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)保證金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)可比(bi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確選擇和(he)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)標(biao)準，是(shi)(shi)確保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是研究(jiu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)作用(yong)下所表(biao)(biao)現的(de)(de)行為(wei)和(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)現象(xiang)。由于作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)等(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)所處環境(jing)的(de)(de)不同(tong)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)(biao)現出各種不同(tong)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強(qiang)度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)，通(tong)常(chang)用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來(lai)表(biao)(biao)征，如抗(kang)(kang)拉強(qiang)度(du)(du) 、伸(shen)長率、沖擊韌(ren)度(du)(du)、疲勞限(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件的(de)(de)服役條件復雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件也是復雜而多樣(yang)的(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程需要考慮(lv)的(de)(de)參(can)數很多，常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)有(you)： A 溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)(wen)、高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、低(di)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)(he)按照定規(gui)(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉伸(shen)、壓(ya)縮(suo)、彎(wan)曲、扭(niu)轉、剪切(qie)、復合應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規(gui)(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑(jing)向(xiang)、表(biao)(biao)面(mian)、彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環境(jing) 空氣(qi)、真空、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)氛、腐蝕介質、海水(shui)、水(shui)蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)壓(ya)、腐蝕、核輻照、宇宙空間(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)率(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)率)低(di)速(su)、中(zhong)速(su)、高(gao)速(su)、超低(di)速(su)、超高(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循環頻率 低(di)頻、中(zhong)頻、高(gao)頻、超低(di)頻、超高(gao)頻等(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時間(jian)(jian) 瞬間(jian)(jian)、短時、長時、超短時、超長時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)尺寸和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒(bang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、板(ban)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜、環形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺(que)(que)口、帶(dai)預制(zhi)(zhi)裂(lie)紋或(huo)缺(que)(que)陷、模(mo)型、實物(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)上述參(can)數，已形成下述主要的(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強(qiang)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂(lie)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯(bei)突、擴口、反復彎(wan)曲、鋼管壓(ya)扁、鋼絲(si)纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與(yu)數學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理(li)學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以及無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、自動控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子(zi)計算機技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、數字顯示技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液伺服控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、近代無(wu)損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀器儀表(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)密切(qie)相(xiang)關。60年(nian)代以來(lai),由于這(zhe)些域(yu)的(de)(de)先(xian)進成就應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去(qu)，使(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)自動化(hua)程度(du)(du)顯著提(ti)高(gao)，基本(ben)上可(ke)實現力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參(can)數的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)量和(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)自動化(hua)和(he)(he)圖表(biao)(biao)化(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)正(zheng)向(xiang)著無(wu)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子(zi)化(hua)和(he)(he)盤自動化(hua)(廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)子(zi)計算機)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)邁(mai)進。
